Author: mangala

• Choose the Right Study Group
  Choose a group with members who are motivated, goal-orientated, and learning-orientated. Make sure there is a mix of different skills and viewpoints to maximise teamwork and knowledge transfer.

• Set Clear Goals and Objectives
  Set definite goals for each session to maintain concentration. Clarify what you wish to do, be it covering a chapter or answering questions, in order to become more productive.

• Assign Roles and Responsibilities
  Assign particular work or subjects to each member in a group so that they have active participation. This makes them responsible and creates a more organised, effective study session.

• Maintain Focus and Avoid Distractions
  Maintain the session’s focus by not letting distractions such as phones or conversations get in the way of studying. Have a quiet place where all focus is on learning and sharing.

• Use Study Tools and Online Resources
  Add study aids such as flashcards, apps, and online websites to facilitate better learning. They foster active learning and clear explanations of complex ideas more quickly.

• Review and Summarize Together
  At the closure of every session, go through key points and summarise collectively. This consolidates learning, corrects misconceptions, and helps all to understand the topics covered.

Physical education offers a multitude of benefits that cannot be overemphasised.

• Physical Health and Fitness

Regular exercise improves cardiovascular health. Activities like running, sprinting, skipping, and some core exercises build up muscle strength and bone density. 

Involvement in physical activities from childhood helps in maintaining a steady weight, encourages children to develop healthy lifestyle habits, and improves mobility.

Exercises boost body coordination, prevent obesity, strengthen immunity, and reduce the risk of lifestyle diseases like diabetes. They enhance endurance and flexibility.

• Mental and Emotional Well-being

Physical activities bring down stress, anxiety, and depression in students. Activities like mindfulness and yoga calm the mind. Involvement in such activities enhances the mood and averts frequent mood swings. They promote better and sound sleep. 

Engaging in activities leads to optimal brain function, improves concentration and memory, and contributes to better academic performance. Sports like chess, football, etc., give students an opportunity to create strategies and improve their thinking skills.

Physical education boosts confidence, self-esteem and emotional resilience. It encourages a positive mindset. Team activities cultivate essential life skills like cooperation and communication that moderate the feeling of loneliness and isolation.

• Academic and Cognitive Benefits

Physical education optimizes brain function. The brain gets wired to be active all the time, retain more information and think in distinct, reasonable ways. This, in result, has a positive impact on the academic performance.

Physical activities enhance concentration. They shape the classroom behaviour.     Students learn to interact with other individuals and develop critical thinking and problem-solving abilities. 

Students engaged in physical activities develop creative and out-of-the-box thinking. They become adept at handling multiple tasks simultaneously, which helps them in juggling academic and personal life.

Schools face some challenges in implementing physical education. They can be resolved in the following ways:

• Resource crunch and inadequate infrastructure
  Schools must use the existing empty space to create sports infrastructure, allocate a specific amount for upgrading facilities, use public playgrounds or seek partnerships to make a common play arena.

• Lack of time
  Schools can include movement breaks in between the classes to keep students active. Students must be encouraged to walk or cycle to school. At least two PE classes per week must be ensured. Incorporating outdoor experiments in subjects like Science.

• Limited awareness
  Educators and parents must be well-informed about the benefits of physical education on children’s performance and well-being. Parents can play and practice certain activities, like yoga, alongside children to motivate them.

• Poorly trained teachers
  Schools must conduct training workshops to equip teachers with various exercises, methods and skills to remain fit and cultivate healthy habits, or experienced instructors should be hired to promote physical fitness.

Stress management is vital to retain, having composure and excelling in exams. There are some efficient study strategies that decelerate pressure and calm the mind.

• • Create a structured study plan to avoid last-minute cramming.
  • Use effective learning techniques like summarization, self-quizzing, active learning, etc.
  • Take regular breaks to maintain focus and productivity.
  • Break the syllabus into small chunks and make a timetable.
  • Allot specific time for frequent revisions to improve memory and retention.
  • Solve previous year papers and take mock tests to experience exam-like conditions beforehand.
  • Prepare short notes, flashcards, and mind maps for quick revision.
  • Eat healthy food, have a proper sleep, and stay hydrated for optimal brain function.

Exam stress might make you feel lonely. To beat this tension, 

• Talk to friends and family about your concerns. Their encouragement will help you stay motivated.
• Join study groups for shared learning and motivation. This makes learning easier and enjoyable.
• Consult a counsellor if stress becomes overwhelming. Professional help provides valuable coping mechanisms.
• Do not hesitate to reach out to teachers for concept or subject clarification. They can provide study strategies as well.
• Use online resources like tutorials or educational platforms to understand difficult topics.
• Have a positive relationship with self. Remind yourself of your preparation journey and previous achievements to gain motivation.

A proper study environment is key to maximising study potential and achieving academic success. Choose a quiet, clutter-free space with good lighting for studying. 

This enhKeep all necessary things like study materials, a water bottle, and accessories, within reach to avoid breaking the sessions in between. Minimise distractions like social media and TV by turning off the notifications or keeping the phone on silent.ances concentration, gives motivation, keeps the mind calm, and improves overall productivity.

• Honesty
  Honesty refers to being truthful in every situation and sincere in everything you do. Though the circumstances are challenging, students should stick to what is morally correct. Honesty fosters respect and trust, which are necessary in building healthy relationships.

Not cheating in exams, accepting the mistakes committed, and completing the assignments on time are some ways to demonstrate honesty.

• Respect
  Respect is the most important aspect in any relationship. Treating elders and peers with great regard is quite essential in building strong relationships. Additionally, respecting others’ perspectives and opinions is a great quality every student must cultivate.

Students should be encouraged to treat people with kindness and compassion irrespective of race, religion, caste, or gender. They should be open to diverse cultures and points of view.

• Responsibility
  Being accountable and taking responsibility for one’s actions are essential life skills. These skills build credibility and a sense of duty in students. Responsible behaviours are highly valued in personal and professional arenas.

Finishing the assigned work before the deadline, sticking to a routine, and admitting mistakes are some rewarding, responsible activities.

• Compassion
  Compassion is the most humane moral value that every child must possess. It is the ability to understand other’s feelings and concerns. Compassionate individuals build a harmonious and conflict-free society.

Children should be encouraged to develop kindness and empathy towards others. Simple acts like helping the needy and consoling can bring a substantive change in someone’s life.

• Discipline
  Discipline is the ability to have self-control and follow the rules. Disciplined behaviour attracts success in every walk of life. It guides students and prevents them from taking wrong steps. 

Discipline fosters time management, develops a strong work ethic, and cultivates good habits. It helps them stay focused on their goals.

• Hard Work
  To achieve any target, putting in equivalent effort is mandatory. Without hard work, a dream remains just a distant goal. Hard work promotes perseverance, resilience and dedication. It gives students the confidence that nothing is impossible if they have the right resolve.

Hard-working students develop confidence, problem-solving and critical thinking capabilities. It prepares them for future challenges, shaping them into goal-orientated individuals.

• Gratitude
  Every individual has to be thankful for the things they have. Expressing gratitude attracts more good things into life. Students must develop the ability to be happy with what they receive and appreciate the good things.

An attitude of gratitude can increase happiness, improve relationships and keep you grounded. 

• Tolerance
  Tolerance in general means acceptance. Students must develop a broad mindset wherein they are open and unbiased. They should be accepting of people with diverse backgrounds, opinions, cultures and beliefs.

Tolerance enables students to develop empathy, patience and open-mindedness. It helps them build strong relationships and contribute positively to society.

• Fairness
  Justice and equality are two fundamental values in everyday life. Students must be taught to treat everyone equally and take unbiased decisions. It encourages students to adhere to the rules, value different perspectives and provide equal opportunity to others.

Fairness instills a sense of ethics and responsibility, creating a positive environment in academic and professional life.

•  Courage
  Courage is the ability to stand up for what is right and face the challenges bravely. It inculcates risk-taking ability, trying new things, and pursuing their stance. Students with courage possess the capacity to bring change and become leaders.

By practicing courage, students develop resilience, self-confidence and integrity. They grow into strong and principled individuals

Here are some practical strategies for parents and teachers to inculcate moral values in students:

• Leading by example
  Parents and teachers should demonstrate moral values themselves to encourage children to do the same.

• Narrating stories
  Giving real-life examples of people and situations where moral values were upheld helps students realise their importance.

• Reward positive behaviour
  Appreciate children when they display moral behaviour. This motivates them to stay consistent in their actions.

• Correct their flaws
  Identify the flaws and gracefully correct the immoral behaviour of children instead of awarding severe punishment.

• Moral education in curriculum
  Schools must ensure that a dedicated moral education subject is incorporated into the curriculum that includes projects, programs and activities. 

• Phonemic Awareness
  Every word is pronounced in a certain way with a specific sound attached to it. Phonemic awareness refers to the ability to identify individual sounds in spoken words. Understanding these sounds in words improves reading fluency. This phonemic awareness aids children in reading, spelling, and gaining command over the language.

• Phonics
  Phonics is the ability to recognise letter-sound relationships to decode words easily. This process improves pronunciation, spelling, and reading comprehension. Phonics helps students break down words into smaller sound units, making reading easier. Children gain reading confidence and strong literacy skills.

• Vocabulary Development
  In the reading process, children encounter a diverse set of words. They get to learn new words along with synonyms and antonyms of different words. This helps in an easy and better understanding of the texts and the context. This plays an important role in expanding the word knowledge. 

• Reading Comprehension
  Reading comprehension refers to understanding and interpreting written text accurately. Reading fictional books gives an opportunity to children to imagine characters and picture the storyline. On the other hand, non-fictional books offer new insights,  perspectives, and valuable information.

• Fluency
  Fluency is reading with accuracy, speed, and proper expression. To become fluent, children have to stay consistent with the reading practice, read aloud, use proper tone, and take correct pauses. This enhances reading comprehension, communication skills, and confidence.

• Critical Reading
  Critical reading is essential to evaluate texts and draw conclusions. This skill helps students in forming opinions and understanding implicit information. It fosters logical reasoning and rational thinking in real-world situations. This involves questioning biases and arguments and identifying deeper themes.

• Skimming and Scanning
  Skimming means to read quickly to understand the gist of the text, while scanning refers to locating specific details in a text. Both these techniques improve reading efficiency and reduce time spent on reading by filtering only essential information.

• Extensive and Intensive Reading
  Extensive reading involves reading large amounts of texts for broader understanding and enjoyment. It focuses mainly on fluency, ignoring the grammar or sentence construction. On the other hand, intensive reading is a focused approach to reading, with an emphasis on vocabulary and analysing deeper meanings. 

Here are some tips for parents and teachers to enhance the reading skills of children:

• Make reading a daily habit by setting a dedicated time for books.
• Identify and buy books that match the interests of the children.
• Read along with children to encourage them.
• Set up a conducive reading environment to avoid distractions.
• Buy age-appropriate books to keep children engaged.
• Discuss stories, ask questions, and use pictorial representations to make reading compelling.

As discussed above, the CGPA depends on the marks and grade points procured in five main subjects. In order to calculate the CGPA, follow the below two steps:

Step 1: Add the grade points of five subjects and divide it by 5.

Step 2: Calculate the CGPA.

• Cramming at the last moment.
• Byhearting topics without understanding the meaning.
• Ineffective time management.
• Not sticking to the routine and staying inconsistent.
• Handling too many tasks at once.
• Neglecting physical exercises and rests.
• Inadequate sleep and improper eating habits.
• Delaying study sessions.
• Studying in distraction-prone areas.
• Creating a non-flexible study timetable.

Grading for Class 12
Class 12 follows a percentage-based evaluation system. Marks are directly converted into percentages, and no grade points or CGPA system is used. The board provides detailed mark sheets that indicate subject-wise performance.

Some common challenges faced by students in effective time management:

• Distraction because of social media, movies, sports, etc.
• The habit of procrastination.
• Handling too many tasks.
• Failing to stick to the plan.
• Not maintaining a consistent routine.
• Setting unrealistic goals without giving proper thought.
• Lack of prioritisation.
• Poor planning skills.
• Lack of motivation.